Dust storms often occur in arid and semiarid regions of the world and carry a huge quantity of materials; hence, they are recognized as one of the most important environmental issues on regional and international scales. This study aimed to evaluate the heavy metal content of dust-fall particles in the cities of Sanandaj, Khorramabad and Andimeshk in western Iran. Sampling the dust-fall particles was conducted every 10 days from 20 June 2012 over one year simultaneously in these three stations using the Deposit Gauge Method and the concentration of metals was measured using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Fe and Mn and Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Zn, Cu, As, Ag, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni. Pollution levels for the heavy metals were then evaluated using the Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo) and Index Enrichment Factor (EF). The results obtained for the Igeo index and EF index demonstrated that levels of Ag and Cu pollution among the dust-fall particles from the three stations were higher than for other heavy metals, while concentrations of other heavy metals were not evaluated as contaminant. Although the mean of dust-fall particles on area unit in Sanandaj station was less than Khorramabad and Andimeshk, heavy metal concentrations among the sampled dust-fall particles was relatively higher. The highest amount of dust falling on a unit area was obtained from Andimesh station, more than at the Khorramabad station and, lastly, the Sanandaj station. Moreover, the maximum and minimum levels of dust-fall descending on the three stations were obtained in May and January respectively.

The lack a close relationship between economic well-being and mental well-being have attracted more attention from economists to substituting a subjective approach to dismissing and evaluating individual and social well-being rather than an objective one,for this purpose, an indicator known as happiness has been introduced. Therefore, in this study, based on the variables of the Gross Nationality Happiness Index, an appropriate index for provinces of Iran was introduced and using the multi-criteria decision-making technique and TOPSIS method during period of 2005-2015 to be calculated and ranked. The ranking results show on average during period considered, provinces of Tehran, Kohgiluyeh, Boyer-Ahmad and Esfahan had highest levels of happiness in the country respectively, and provinces of Sistan and Baluchestan, South Khorasan and Kermanshah are respectively, at low levels of happiness. The important point in calculation of happiness is that central provinces are located in higher ranks above the border provinces of country, which indicates the centrality of happiness in center of country due to amenities facilitation in these areas. In order to investigate the distribution of happiness inequality in Iran, Kuznets relationship was used in both ordinary least squares (OLS) and Robust least squares (RLS) methods for cross-sectional information in 30 provinces of the country. The results indicate the inverse U relationship between the happiness and its inequality. In the first, with increasing happiness, happiness inequality increases, but from one point onwards, due to widespread welfare of general public, with increasing happiness, inequality resulting from it decreases.

Decomposition of economic activities to formal and informal, the formal activities are those which monitored by official data and on the other hand the informal economic activities are those that aren't reflected through official statistics. They aren't transparent as much to be traced by authorities in spite their considerable volume. One of the main reasons that economic agents prefer to transform their business to informal part of economy is to avoid regulations such as: tax, duties, standards and etc. One of the main features of these regulations is environmental consideration (e.g. environmental tax and standards) which is sensibly important for industries. Especially for pollutant ones which are usually behave unofficially and their activities have much more degrading effects on environment. We are to study the effect of informal economic activities on environmental quality a cross country approach. We used a basic Kuznets model through panel data technique for 140 countries. The result implies a considerable impact of informal activities on environment not only in high income countries but in low and middle ones.

Nowadays, the fundamental role of having a purpose for life in physical and mental health has been confirmed. According to victor frankl, presence of a purpose in life gives life a meaning and increases resilience against pains and traumas. The importance of the purpose in life construct reveals the need for a reliable and valid tool to measure it. Crumbaugh and Maholick's purpose in life questionnaire is the first and one of the most applied tools for the assessment of life's purposefulness. The aim of this research is to determine the factor structure of purpose in life questionnaire. The questionnaire was administered on 206 students who were selected through random stratified sampling at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Exploratory factor analysis showed that there are two factors "comprehension" and "purpose" and this finding were confirmed by confirmatory factor analysis. Altogether results of this research showed factor validity of the purpose in life questionnaire with a two factor pattern

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) include many tiny sensor nodes which are planted in or around a patient’ s body. These sensor nodes can collect biomedical data from the patient and transmit these valuable data to a data sink or a personal digital assistant. Later, health care service providers can get access to these data through authorization. The biomedical data are usually personal and private. Consequently, data confidentiality and user privacy are of primary concerns for WBAN. One of the most important factors for providing security in e-healthcare networks, is authentication protocols which allow both parties to authenticate each other. Recently, regarding this issue, Challa et al. [1] presented an efficient elliptic curve based provably secure three-factor key agreement and authentication protocol for wireless healthcare sensor networks. In this paper, firstly we identify some security flaws of the Challa et al. ’ s scheme such as privileged-insider attacks, lack of forward secrecy and user traceability. Then, we present a three-factor authentication scheme for (WBANs) and evaluate the security properties of our scheme formally via “ ProVerif” . Presented security analysis and comparisons show that the proposed scheme is an efficient secure authentication scheme for WBANs.

One of the most important engineering issues which greatly affects human activities is the Meandering of revers. Accordingly, studying this phenomenon in rivers is essential for accurate identification, identification of the resulting hazards, coping with them and optimal exploitation of natural resources. The purpose of this research is to investigate the characteristics of the riverside runways of the Gadar river route. The purpose of this study is to investigate the characteristics of the riverside meanderings of the Gadar river route. In order to achieve this goal, considering the size of the area under study, the use of satellite imagery and geographic information systems are considered as essential tools for processing. Based on this, satellite imagery ETM + was used for the years 2000 and 2012 and the IRS. The results showed that during the two surveys, the trend of river changes in the triple intervals is completely different. So that the first interval is the highest and the third is the least change over the two periods. The values of the central angle and the bending coefficient also indicate that, in all the intervals, the variation of the bending coefficient and the central angle, with the exception of a relatively small proportion in the mountainous regions, confirms the existence of roughly similar arcs along the path.